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Side Effects Data

Bioforce is a proponent of the sustainable management of crops, advocating for a reduction in the use of chemical inputs for the production of high quality food and ornamental crops.

The eradication of horticultural pests from your crop is impractical and generally unachievable. Even with the use of highly effective chemical pesticides, the pests are usually able to re-invade the crop once the chemical residues have worn off. To maintain pests at low levels, growers are usually forced to make repeat applications of pesticides, and must alternate chemicals to prevent the development of resistance within the pest population; least the chemical becomes totally useless.

Biological control does not aim to eradicate pests; rather it aims to maintain pest populations at levels low enough that any damage caused is insufficient to warrant chemical intervention. Effective biological control requires the use of beneficial organisms that are able to reach an ecological balance with the pest population at levels below economic thresholds. In greenhouses it is often possible to maintain environmental conditions that are favourable to the beneficial organisms, enhancing their ability to control pests. The migration of pests from outside of the greenhouse may at times require repeat releases of beneficial organisms to combat the variable pest population dynamics, and on-going monitoring of pest and beneficial populations is of vital importance.
 

Side Effects Data

The tables and ratings below are a guideline only
** Check crop registrations and permits before spraying **
Key to toxicity ratings
Applied = toxicity of chemicals when sprayed on the beneficials in the field. The rating is a general overall toxicity allowing for the impact on the population of the beneficial.
Residual = suggested waiting time (in weeks) after application of the product before introducing beneficials. In protected crops this period may be much longer.
L = Low toxicity = nil or low impact on beneficials.
M = Moderate toxicity = beneficial activity significantly reduced but can recover in a week or so.
H = High toxicity = a high proportion of the beneficial population is killed and re-establishment will not be possible for several weeks.
( ) = estimated toxicity, based on anecdotal information and known impact on similar organisms.
- = unknown toxicity


    Hyper Mite Mite A Mite E
Chemical name Trade names Applied Residual Applied Residual Applied Residual
Insecticides              
Azadirachtin Azamax (L) 0 (L) 1 L 1
Azinphos methyl Gusathion M 1 (H) 2 M 2
B. thuringiensis various L 0 L 0 L 0
Buprofezin Applaud L 0 L 0 L 0
Carbaryl Various M 1 H 3 L 0
Chlorfenapyr Secure - - - - (M-H) -2
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban M 1 H 3 M 1
Diazinon Gesapon M 1 H 2 M 2
Dimethoate Rogor L 0 (H) 3 H 3
Endosulfan Various M 1 H 3 M 2
Fenoxycarb (IGR) Insegar L 0 (L) 0 L 0
Fenthion Lebaycid M 1 (H) -3 H 3
Fipronil Regent (H) -1 (H) -1 H 1
Imidacloprid Confidor-spray L 0 (M) 1 M 1
Imidacloprid Confidor-drench H 3 L 0 L 0
Indoxacarb Avatar (L) 0 L 0 (L) 0
Maldison Malathion L 0 (H) 3 M 1
Methamidophos Nitofol, Monitor M 0 (H) -3 H 3
Methidathion Supracide (M) 1 H 3 H 3
Methomyl Various M 1 (H) -3 H 2
Methoxyfenozide Prodigy L 0 L 0 L 0
Parathion Parathion (M) 1 (H) -3 L–M 1
Petroleum oils Various L 1 (M) 0 L–M 0
Pirimicarb Pirimor L 0 L 1 L–M 1
Pymetrozine Chess L 0 L 0 L 0
Pyrethrins-natural Various (L) 0 (H) -3 H 3
Pyrethroids Various M-H 4 H >4 H >4
Soap sprays Various L 1 M 0 M 0
Spinosad Success (L) 1 (M) 1 M 1
Sulprofos Helothion (M) 1 (M) 1 (M) 1
Tebufenozide Mimic (L) 0 L 0 L 0
Thiacloprid Calypso (M) 0 (L) 0 (L) 0
Thiodicarb Larvin (M) 1 (H) 1 H 1
Wettable sulphur Various L 0 (M) 1 L 0
Miticides              
Abamectin Vertimec, Avid M 1 (M) 1 M 1
Dicofol Kelthane L-M 1 H (2-3) H 2
Fenbutatin oxide Torque L 0 L 0 L 0
Propargite Omite (M) 0 (H) 1 L–M 1
Pyridaben SanMite (L) 0 (H) -1 (H) -1
Tebufenpyrad Pyranica L 0 (H) -2 H 2
Fungicides              
Benomyl Benlate L 0 (H) 4 H 4
Carbendazim Spin L 0 (M) 2 M 2
Mancozeb Dithane L 0 (L) 0 L–M 1
Metaxyl Ridomil (L) 0 (L-M) -1 (L-M) -1
Oxythioquinox Morestan (L) 1 (H) 4 H 4
Pyrazophos Afugan (L) 1 (H) 1 M–H 1
Triforine Saprol L 0 L-M 1 L-M 1


    Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Tasman Lacewing
Chemical name Trade names Applied Residual Applied Residual
Insecticides          
Azadirachtin Azamax – – – 1
Azinphos methyl Gusathion (H) 2–3 (H) 2
B. thuringiensis various L 0 L 0
Buprofezin Applaud (M) 2-3 (L) 0
Carbaryl Various (H) 4 (M-H) 2
Chlorfenapyr Secure - - - -
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban (H) 2–3 (H) 2
Diazinon Gesapon M 1 H 1
Dimethoate Rogor (H) 4 (H) 3
Endosulfan Various (M) 1 (M) 1
Fenoxycarb (IGR) Insegar M 2 (L) 1
Fenthion Lebaycid H 4 (H) -2
Fipronil Regent (H) -1 (H) -1
Imidacloprid Confidor-spray (H) -3 (H) 4
Imidacloprid Confidor-drench (L) 0 (L) 0
Indoxacarb Avatar - - - -
Maldison Malathion H 4 (H) 1
Methamidophos Nitofol, Monitor H 4 (H) 3
Methidathion Supracide H 4 (H) 3
Methomyl Various (H) 1 (H) 1
Methoxyfenozide Prodigy L 0 L 0
Parathion Parathion H 4 (H) 3
Petroleum oils Various (L) 0 (L) 0
Pirimicarb Pirimor L 1 L 1
Pymetrozine Chess (L) 1 (L) 1
Pyrethrins-natural Various (H) 1 (H) 1
Pyrethroids Various H 4 (H) 3-4
Soap sprays Various L 0 (L) 0
Spinosad Success - 1 - 1
Sulprofos Helothion H 2–3 (H) 2
Tebufenozide Mimic L 0 L 0
Thiacloprid Calypso - - - -
Thiodicarb Larvin H 4 (H) 2
Wettable sulphur Various M 2–3 (M) 2
Miticides          
Abamectin Vertimec, Avid (L) -1 (H) -2
Dicofol Kelthane L 1 (L) 1
Fenbutatin oxide Torque L 1 (L) 0
Propargite Omite L 1 (L) 1
Pyridaben SanMite (H) 1 (H) 1
Tebufanpyrad Pyranica – – – –
Fungicides          
Benomyl Benlate L 1 (L) 1
Carbendazim Spin (L) 1 (L) 1
Mancozeb Dithane L 1 (L) 1
Metaxyl Ridomil - - - -
Oxythioquinox Morestan (L) – – –
Pyrazophos Afugan – 1 M-H 2
Triforine Saprol – – L 0


    Aphidius Tamarixia Enforce
Chemical name Trade names Applied Residual Applied Residual Applied Residual
Insecticides              
Azadirachtin Azamax - 1 M 1 M 1
Azinphos methyl Gusathion H 4 H 4 H 4
B. thuringiensis various L 0 L 0 L 0
Buprofezin Applaud - 0 L 0 L 0
Carbaryl Various H -2 H 4 H 4
Chlorfenapyr Secure - - - - - -
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban H -2 H 4 H 4
Diazinon Gesapon H -2 H 4 H 4
Dimethoate Rogor H 3 H 4 H 4
Endosulfan Various (H) 2 M 1 M 1
Fenoxycarb (IGR) Insegar (L) 0 (L) 1 (L) 1
Fenthion Lebaycid (H) -2 H 4 H 4
Fipronil Regent (H) -2 (H) -2 (H) -2
Imidacloprid Confidor-spray H -2 H 2 H 2
Imidacloprid Confidor-drench (L) 0 - - L 0
Indoxacarb Avatar/Steward (L) 0 - - (L) 0
Maldison Malathion H -4 H 2–3 H 2–3
Methamidophos Nitofol, Monitor H -4 H 4 H 4
Methidathion Supracide H -4 H 4 H 4
Methomyl Various H -4 H 1 H 4
Methoxyfenozide Prodigy L 0 L 0 (L) 0
Parathion Parathion (H) -2 H 4 H 4
Petroleum oils Various (L) 0 M 1 M 1
Pirimicarb Pirimor L 1 L 1 M 1
Pymetrozine Chess (M) -1 L 0 L 0
Pyrethrins-natural Various (H) -2 (H) 2 H 1
Pyrethroids Various H -4 H 4 H 4
Pyriproxifen Admiral L 0 L 0 L 0
Soap sprays Various (L) 1 (L) 1 H 1
Spinosad Success/Tracer (M) -1 (M) -1 (M) -1
Sulprofos Helothion (H) 3 H 4 H 4
Tebufenozide Mimic L 0 (L) 0 L 0
Thiacloprid Calypso (M) (1-2) (L) 0 (M) (1-2)
Thiodicarb Larvin H -2 H 4 H 4
Wettable sulphur Various (L-M) 1 H 4 M 1
Miticides              
Abamectin Vertimec, Avid (H) -1 (H) -2 H -2
Dicofol Kelthane M -1 L 1 L–M 1
Fenbutatin oxide Torque (L) 0 L 1 L 1
Propargite Omite L 0 (L) 1 (L) 1
Pyridaben SanMite (H) 1 (H) 1 (H) 1
Tebufanpyrad Pyranica M 2 – – L 0
Fungicides              
Benomyl Benlate (L) 1 (L) 1 L 0
Carbendazim Spin (L) 1 – 1 (L) 1
Mancozeb Dithane L 0 L 1 L 0
Metaxyl Ridomil - - - - (L-M) 1
Oxythioquinox Morestan - - (L) 1 (L) 1
Pyrazophos Afugan (H) -2 (H) -2 (H) -2
Triforine Saprol     (L) 1 (L) 1